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Publications
Step 1: Designation phase
The Commission must designate a firm as a gatekeeper in a core platform service based on quantitative and qualitative criteria.
Designated firm | Designated core platform service | Status | Appeal |
|---|---|---|---|
Alphabet | Google Maps; Google Play; Google Shopping; Youtube; Google Ads; Google Search; Google Chrome; Google Android | Designated | No appeal |
Amazon | Amazon Marketplace; Amazon Ads | Designated | No appeal |
Apple | Apple iMessage | Not designated following an investigation | Appeal iMessage (T-1079/23) |
Apple | Apple App Store; Apple Safari; Apple iOS | Designated | Appeal Apple App Store (T-1080/23) |
Apple | Apple iPadOS | Designated following an investigation | No appeal |
Booking | Booking | Designated | No appeal |
ByteDance | TikTok | Designated | Appeal dismissed TikTok (T-1077/23) |
Meta | Meta Marketplace | Designation was withdrawn because it no longer meets the required thresholds.
| No appeal |
Meta | Facebook; Instagram; WhatsApp; Messenger; Meta Ads | Designated | Appeal Messenger and Meta Marketplace (T-1078/23) |
Microsoft | Microsoft Bing; Microsoft Edge; Microsoft Ads | Not designated following an investigation | No appeal |
Microsoft | LinkedIn; Windows PC OS | Designated | No appeal |
X | X | Not designated | Not applicable |
Publications
Step 2: Compliance phase
The Commission monitors that gatekeepers comply with the list of positive and negative obligations. The Commission can impose behavioural and structural remedies if a gatekeeper does not comply. The firm cannot support its practice with objective justifications.
Designated firms | Investigation | Start date investigation | End date investigation | Compliance measure | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alphabet | self-preferencing | 25/03/2024 | N/A | Ongoing (preliminary findings) | |
Alphabet | anti-steering | 25/03/2024 | N/A | Ongoing (preliminary findings) | |
Amazon | self-preferencing | 25/03/2024 | N/A | No formal investigation (investigatory step) | |
Apple | AppStore rules (new business terms) | 25/03/2024 | N/A | Ongoing (preliminary findings) | |
Apple | Choice obligations (uninstall software, change default, choice screen) | 25/03/2024 | 23/04/2025 | No measures | Closed following a constructive dialogue (no breach) |
Apple | Interoperabilty | 19/09/2024 | 19/03/2025 | Guidance | Closed following a constructive dialogue (specification decision) |
Apple | anti-steering | 25/03/2024 | 23/04/2025 | €500 million and cease and desist order | Closed (non-compliance decision) |
Meta | Consent requirement ("pay-or-consent" model) | 25/03/2024 | €200 million and cease and desist order | Closed for the period between March 2024 until November 2024. However, the investigation continues. |
Source: Christophe Carugati (last updated April 2025).
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