Forward

Artificial intelligence is rapidly reshaping industries, compelling competition authorities to respond at speed. As AI—particularly AI agents—transforms a wide range of sectors, from web browsers and legal services to gaming, authorities are increasingly active in seeking to preserve the competitive process in AI markets.

In the EU, the Commission has opened two specification proceedings under the DMA against Google, addressing interoperability with third-party AI services and access to search data for AI chatbots. In the UK, the Competition and Markets Authority has proposed conduct requirements under the Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Act, two of which directly concern AI services, namely publisher controls and fair ranking obligations. In France, the French Competition Authority has launched a public consultation on conversational search and agentic commerce. I am available to contribute to and assist with responses to this public consultation, which aligns closely with my current research focus.

I am in London until 21 February and in Paris on 5 and 6 March for the OECD Competition Conference, and would be pleased to discuss competition policy issues related to AI if you are available.

My Work

Analysis: Do Cloud Computing Services Fall Under the Digital Markets Act?

Cloud computing services do not act as intermediaries between business users and end users. Even when they provide marketplaces, these services do not have an entrenched and durable position, thereby falling outside the DMA’s scope. The analysis

Analysis: Why Does France Study Conversational Agents and Agentic Commerce?

Conversational agents and agentic commerce reshape the economics of the web and e-commerce. The French competition authority should assess regulatory impacts and the analytical framework on AI and digital markets. The analysis

Trackers on digital competition regimes

I have updated my trackers with the latest regulatory developments. The EU. The UK. Germany

News

Generative AI

France Launches a Public Consultation on Conversational Agents and Agentic Commerce

The French competition authority launched a market study last month on the downstream segment of the AI value chain, focusing on conversational agents and agentic commerce. It has now invited stakeholders to respond to its public consultation by 6 March 2026. I am available to assist with responses to this consultation, as the competition economics of AI agents—particularly agentic commerce—constitutes my primary research focus. The public consultation

Google Chrome Moves Toward Agentic Browsing

Web browsers are increasingly evolving into agentic interfaces. Google Chrome can now perform certain tasks on behalf of users, such as booking travel arrangements, marking a shift toward agentic browsing. Google Chrome

Google’s Genie Disrupts the Gaming Industry

Google has released Genie, a generative AI model capable of fully generating video games. The demonstration has prompted commentators to suggest that it could disrupt the gaming industry, which is traditionally characterised by long development cycles and intensive human input. Google Genie. Comments

Claude CoWork Legal and the Transformation of Legal Services

Claude has released a suite of CoWork plugins, including a legal tool that enables legal professionals to perform tasks such as contract review for only $20 and at near-instant speed. Following the announcement, investors sold shares from software companies and legal publishers. I have developed a proprietary plugin with Claude that drafts and reviews legal documents based on the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union, and shared the results in a LinkedIn post. Investor reactions. My LinkedIn post

Digital Competition Regimes

Google Subject to Specification Proceedings in the EU

The Commission has opened a specification proceeding against Google to clarify its compliance obligations under the DMA, notably regarding interoperability with third-party AI services and access to search data for AI chatbot providers. This marks the first application of the DMA to AI services, following calls from certain stakeholders during the DMA review. The specification proceedings. Responses to the DMA review

Apple Not Designated as Gatekeeper for Maps and Ads

The Commission has decided not to designate Apple Maps and Apple Ads as gatekeeper services, finding that neither constitutes an important gateway for business users to reach end users. Apple Maps reportedly has a relatively low usage rate in the EU, while Apple Ads remains limited in scale within the EU online advertising market. The announcement

First UK Conduct Requirements Adopted Against Google

The CMA has issued its first conduct requirements (CRs) under the UK digital competition regime, targeting Google Search. The measures cover publisher controls, fair ranking, choice screens, and data portability. By following its roadmaps, the CMA provides predictability and legal certainty for regulated firms and third parties. Notably, two of the four CRs (publisher controls and fair ranking) already extend to AI services. The conduct requirements

First Sanction under the German Digital Competition Regime Against Amazon

The German Competition Authority has imposed its first fine under the national digital competition regime, targeting Amazon’s alleged abusive price-control mechanisms that reduce sellers’ visibility when prices are deemed excessive. Amazon argues that the measures are intended to protect consumers from erroneous, abusive, or inflated pricing, including price discrepancies across platforms. The case may intersect with Article 5(3) DMA, which prohibits gatekeepers from restricting business users’ pricing on alternative channels. If so, it raises questions about the competence to enforce, as Article 1(6) of the DMA limits parallel national intervention. The findings. Amazon’s responses