My Work

On-site Workshops: Emerging digital competition issues

I am now offering on-site workshops to exchange viewpoints on emerging digital and competition issues with industry, law firms, and competition authorities, helping them navigate the policy questions of tomorrow. Key topics include the interaction between cloud services and Artificial Intelligence, how agentic AI reshapes digital markets and competition rules, enforcement approaches in digital competition regimes, and competition policy and digital sovereignty. Please get in touch with me to organise a workshop with your team. Contact 

Interview: Call for participations

I will start this summer with short written and video interviews on how AI shapes digital markets and regulatory developments with competition experts from academia, law firms, tech firms, competition authorities, and economic consulting firms. Please get in touch if you would like to participate in the initiative. Contact

Analysis: What the EU Should Learn from the UK Cloud Services Investigation

Following the UK’s cloud services decision, the European Commission should ensure international coherence and seek voluntary commitments from firms to address competition concerns in the sector. The analysis

Opinion: Agentic AI is Reshaping Digital Markets

Agentic AI is redrawing the boundaries of digital markets. European competition rules risk delaying the continent’s entry into the agentic era unless they offer greater legal certainty and proportionality. The Opinion

Paper: Competition Policy in Turbulent Geopolitical Times

Co-authored with Professor Gawer, this article examines how geopolitical pressures increasingly influence the operation of competition policy itself. The paper

News

Generative AI

Google announced new agentic capabilities

Generative AI is rapidly evolving into agentic AI, in which AI agents can perform tasks on behalf of users. At Google I/O 2026, Google unveiled several new agentic capabilities, including Google Spark, a 24/7 agent capable of running background tasks, as well as new agentic features in Google Search for planning, booking, and shopping. The I/O

Apple released Siri AI

Apple is upgrading Siri with new AI capabilities that can draw on personal context from user data, native applications, and the web. Siri AI will be available globally across Apple devices. It will not be available in China due to regulatory requirements, and in the European Union on iOS and iPadOS devices due to issues related to the Digital Markets Act (DMA).

Apple argues that complying with the DMA’s interoperability requirements while maintaining user privacy and security presents significant challenges. The European Commission has responded that Apple’s proposed solution for bringing Siri AI to the EU does not comply with the DMA. Siri AI. Apple DMA. Commission’s response

G7 countries announced a focus on competition in AI

The G7 Digital Competition Summit will examine competition issues across key AI inputs, including computing power, data, energy, and talent. The G7 declaration

The EU and Türkiye prevented Meta from restricting rival AI assistants’ access to WhatsApp

Meta offers its own AI assistant through WhatsApp. Until October 2025, competing AI assistants could access WhatsApp for free. In October 2025, Meta amended WhatsApp’s business terms, preventing rival AI assistants from accessing the service.

Competition authorities in Italy, Brazil, the European Union, COMESA, and Türkiye subsequently opened investigations into the alleged refusal to deal. Italy imposed interim measures requiring WhatsApp to preserve access. Meta then amended its terms to permit access subject to a fee.

More recently, the European Commission imposed interim measures requiring WhatsApp to provide access free of charge, taking the view that the proposed fee was effectively equivalent to a denial of access. This raises important questions of proportionality. Was the fee excessive? Should WhatsApp be allowed to charge a fee, for example, at marginal cost, or should access be provided free of charge? Meta has appealed the decision. Meanwhile, Türkiye has also imposed interim measures to preserve access. The Commission. Turkey. Meta’s reaction

Digital Competition Regimes

The Court of Justice ruled on gatekeeper designations under the DMA

In its first judgment on gatekeeper designations under the DMA, the Court of Justice upheld the designation of Meta Messenger but annulled that of Meta Marketplace. The ruling provides important guidance on delineating core platform services subject to designation under the DMA. The ruling 

The Competition and Markets Authority imposed conduct requirements on Google

The UK Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) adopted its first conduct requirements under the Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Act (DMCCA) against Google.

Google must provide publishers with an opt-out mechanism for the use of their content in AI features such as AI Overviews and AI Mode, while ensuring that publishers who opt out remain visible in Google Search results. The measure aims to strengthen publishers’ ability, particularly news publishers, to negotiate licensing agreements with Google.

The requirement comes as the European Commission investigates Google’s use of publisher content in AI Overviews and AI Mode. The CMA’s approach may therefore offer a solution to the concerns currently under examination in the EU. Google has indicated its intention to extend its compliance solution globally. The CMA. The EU investigation. Google’s response

Industrial Policy

The Commission announced its technological sovereignty package

The European Commission unveiled a technological sovereignty package to strengthen resilience and reduce dependence on third countries. The initiative seeks to support the emergence of a European technology stack spanning semiconductors, cloud computing, and AI through a combination of supply- and demand-side measures.

Yet several fundamental questions remain. What qualifies as a European firm? Should non-EU companies headquartered in the EU be considered European? Do investments and supplies from non-European firms that contribute to European resilience strengthen or weaken sovereignty? And ultimately, can Europe build a competitive and efficient technology stack on its own, and do so within a reasonable timeframe? The package